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OECD—Frascati Manual Definition 2.5 Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of humankind, culture and society—and to devise new applications of available knowledge. 2.6 A set of common features identifies R&D act... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | II. U.S. Business Enterprise R&D Definition R&D comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge and to devise new applications of available knowledge. This includes (a) activities aimed at acquiring new knowledge or understanding without specific immediate commercial applications or uses (basic ... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | II. U.S. Business Enterprise R&D Definition Research and development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge and to devise new applications of available knowledge. The term R&D does NOT include expenditures for the following: Costs for routine product testing, quality control, and ... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | III. Federal and State Government R&D Definition Conduct of research and development (R&D): Research and experimental development activities are defined as creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of people, culture, and society—and to devise new applications using available knowled... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | III. Federal and State Government R&D Definition Basic research means that research directed toward increasing knowledge in science. The primary aim of basic research is a fuller knowledge or understanding of the subject under study, rather than any practical application of that knowledge. Applied research means the effort that (a) normally fol... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | III. Federal and State Government R&D Definition Budget Activity 1, Basic Research. Basic research is systematic study directed toward greater knowledge or understanding of the fundamental aspects of phenomena and of observable facts without specific applications towards processes or products in mind. It includes all scientific study and experi... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | III. Federal and State Government R&D Definition R&D: Research and experimental development (R&D) activities are defined as creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of people, culture, and society—and to devise new applications using available knowledge. For reporting R&D activities... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | III. Federal and State Government R&D Definition Research and development (R&D) activities are defined as creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge—including knowledge of people, culture, and society—and to devise new applications using available knowledge. For reporting R&D activities, include the foll... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | III. Federal and State Government R&D Definition Research and Development (R&D) R&D is creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge— including knowledge of humankind, culture, and society—and to devise new applications of available knowledge. R&D covers three activities defined below—basic research, applie... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 Reference Definitions of Research and Development: An Annotated Compilation of Official Sources | IV. U.S. Higher Education R&D and R&D by Nonprofit Organizations Definition Research and Development (R&D) means all research activities, both basic and applied, and all development activities that are performed by non-federal entities. The term research also includes activities involving the training of individuals in research techniques where such activities utilize th... May 19, 2022 www.ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/ncses22209 1 ⋯ 2 3 ⋯ 5 Next
